Functions
Expressing purpose
General structure
| …..to……. | + Infinitive |
| In order (not) to…. | |
| So as (not) to…. |
| ….for….. | +(not) gerund |
| For the purpose of…. |
| ….so that…. | +subject+ can (not) / could (not)+infinitive |
| …..in order that |
Exemples:
1. I work very hard at school in order to get very good marks.
The government opened new schools to encourage more children to attend school
The mother didn’t switch on the light so as not to wake her baby.
4. Advertisement is used for urging people to buy more products.
5. We always get up early in the morning so that we can breathe fresh air.
6. My friend invited me for his birthday party.
7. They wrote the notice in many languages so that tourists could read it
8. I always do my homework in order not to make my teachers angry.
9. The Internet and television are used for sensitising people to the advantages of literacy.
10. Adults go to literacy classes so as to learn how to read and write.
Expressing cause :
| Because of | + gerund/ noun |
| Due to | |
| Owing to | |
| Thanks to |
Expressing effect :
………………….. .So, …………….
…………………. . Therefore, ………………..
…………………….. . As a result ………………………
………………………… . As a consequence …………………………..
………………………………… . Consequently…………………………….
…………………………… . Thus, ……………………………………
…………………………………. . Because of this, ………………………
…………………………. , that’s why …………………………
Exemples:
1-Many students leave school and look for a job because they are poor
-> Because they are poor, many students leave school and look for a job
->Many students leave school and look for a job because of poverty.
because = as = since + Sbj + VB
because of = due to = owing to + Noun
-> Many students are poor. As a result / therfore, they leave school and look for a job.
2- Drivers are careless and don’t respect the law. Consequently, there are many road accidents in Morocco.
->There are many road accidents in Morocco because drivers are careless and don’t respect the law.
3- My friend always gets good marks at school thanks to his hard work
As a result = therefore = so = consequently = as a consequence = thus = for this reason
A-Defining.
1-Prejudice refers to an opinion, like or dislike, formed before one has adequate knowledge or experience.
2-Xenophobia can be defined as irrational hatred or fear of strangers or foreigners.
3-Nostalgia means a wistful longing for something one has known in the past.
4-Diversity designates the state of being diverse or having different kinds.
5-Hospitality can be described as the act or service of welcoming, receiving, hosting, or entertaining guests.
6-A multilingual person is someone who speaks more than two languages.
B – Complaining, Apologising and Accepting Apologies.
–>Expressions to Complain:
– I am afraid I have a complaint about
– I am sorry to bother you, but …
-Maybe you forgot to …..
-Don’t get me wrong, but I think you should
– lam not satisfied with the way you ……
– Sorry to say it, but ………
->Expressions to Apologise:
-I am awfully / really / very / terribly sorry………….
-I can’t tell how sorry I am!
-It was my fault to ………
-Sorry I didn’t mean to ….
-I do apologise.
-l am really sorry about this.
-I am sorry for + verb + ing…………….
->Expressions to accept Apologies :
-Never mind! – That’s OK / all right – Forget about it – It doesn’t really matter
-Don’t worry about that! – It could happen to anyone – That’s no problem!
-It’s not really your fault – Please, don’t blame yourself.
Example: What do you say in this situation?
Your neighbour is playing the music so loud that you can’t go to sleep.
You: “I am sorry to have to say this, but your music is disturbing me.”
Your neighbour: ” I can’t tell you how sorry I am!.”
You: “Forget about it”
->Expressing additionExpressing concession
*TO MAKE CONTRASTING POINTS (لإبراز نقاط التباين أو التناقض)
Although, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, but, while, despite, even if, even though, at the same time
->killing endangered species is illegal. However, people will not stop hunting them.
*TO LIST POINTS (لِسَرْد النقاط)
Firstly, in the first place, first of all, to start with, secondly, thirdly, finally, lastly, also, then, in the end, in conclusion
->Firstly, the government must revise the out-of-date environmental laws, which were twenty years ago.
*TO ADD MORE POINTS ON A TOPIC (لإضافة المزيد من النقاط حول موضوع ما)
What is more, furthermore, also, apart from this/that, in addition, moreover, besides, too, not to mention the fact that.
->Furthermore, the city should conduct inspections of zoos.
*TO LIST ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES (لِسَرْد المزايا والعيوب)
One/another/one other/a further/the main/the first/the greatest advantage/disadvantage of …
*TO EXPRESS PERSONAL OPINION (للتعبير عن الرأي الشخصي)
In my opinion/view, to my mind/way of thinking, personally I believe, it strikes me that, I feel very strongly that, I am inclined to believe that, it seems to me that, as far as I am concerned
-> In my opinion department stores offer a greater selection of clothes than small boutiques.
*TO REFER TO OTHER SOURCES (للإشارة إلى مصادر أخرى)
According to, with reference to
->According to a recent study, addiction among teens has increased sharply.
*TO CONCLUDE (للاستنتاج)
Finally, lastly, above all, all in all, taking everything into account, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, as I have said, as was previously stated, to sum up
->On the whole, the university offers a wide range of courses and provides modern facilities
*TO EXPRESS CAUSE (للتعبير عن السبب)
Because of, owing to, due to, for this reason Due to the harsh winter, many crops were destroyed
*TO EXPRESS EFFECT (للتعبير عن النتيجة)
Therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, so, as a consequence
->As a result many people have lost their jobs
*TO EMPHASISE WHAT YOU SAY (للتأكيد على ما تقوله)
Clearly, obviously, of course, needless to say, in particular
->Needless to say, research has proved that eating healthy foods and exercising regularly reduce the risk of heart disease
*TO EXPRESS REALITY (للتعبير عن الحقيقة)
In fact, actually, as a matter of fact, in practice, the fact of the matter is that
*TO EXPRESS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN APPEARANCES AND REALITY (للتعبير عن الفروقات بين الظاهر والواقع)
On the face of it, at first sight, apparently
->At first sight, the building looked safe but after a detailed inspection it was reported to be in need of major structural repairs
*TO STATE AN ARGUMENT AGAINST YOUR OPINION (لطرح حجة ضد رأيك)
It is popularly believed that, people often claim that, contrary to popular belief, it is a fact that, it is often alleged that, people argue that
*TO STATE OTHER PEOPLE’S OPINIONS (لذكر آراء الآخرين)
Many people are in favour of/against, some people argue that, a lot of people think/believe
*TO INTRODUCE THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ARGUMENT
Opponents of this view say, however there are people/those who oppose… claim that
*TO EXPRESS BALANCE
While, on the one hand, on the other hand, whereas
->While working for a large company is prestigious, it can be very stressful
*TO GIVE EXAMPLES
For example, for instance
*TO REFER TO WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS
In practice, in effect
->In practice, consumers spend more money on luxury items
*TO MAKE GENERAL STATEMENTS
As a rule, generally, in general, as a general rule, on the whole As a rule, girls get better exam results than boys
*TO MAKE PARTLY CORRECT STATEMENTS
Up to a point, to a certain extent, to some extent, in a way, in a sense Some companies have tried to create more positions to some extent.
*TO EXPRESS LIMIT OF KNOWLEDGE
To the best of my knowledge, for all I know, as far as I know,
->As far as I know, residents were opposed to the city’s plan to build a nuclear plant in their area
*TO REPHRASE
That is to say, in other words
*TO BRING UP OTHER POINTS OR ASPECTS
As far as …
.. is concerned, regarding, with regard to, as for
->As far as the community is concerned the area is in need of a new elementary school
*TO IMPLY NOTHING ELSE NEEDS TO BE SAID
Anyway, at any rate, in any case,
*ACCEPTING THE SITUATION
As it is, under the circumstances, things being as they are
