Modals
| Modal | Meaning | Example |
| Must+have+past participle | It’s certain that something happened(من المؤكد أن شيئًا ما قد حدث.) | -He must have missed the train. He didn’t attend the meeting. |
| Can’t+have+past participle | It’s certain that something didn’t happened(من المؤكد أن شيئًا ما لم يحدث.) | –He can’t have caught the train. He didn’t attend the meeting. |
| may+have+past participle | It’s probable that something happened(من المحتمل أن شيئًا ما قد حدث.) | He may have overslept. He didn’t attend the meeting. |
| should+have+past participle | It’s would have been better if something had been done or hadn’t been done(كان سيكون من الأفضل لو تمَّ فعل شيء ما أو لم يتم فعله) | He should have called. He shouldn’t have forgotten to call. |
| could+have+past participle | It’s possible something could have happened(من الممكن أن شيئًا ما قد حدث) | He could have asked his parents to wake him up. |
1. Drivers must wear the safety belt. (Obligation/ واجب)
->It’s obligatory / compulsory for drivers to wear the safety belt.
2. You ‘re a bit tired. I think you should /ought to /had better have some rest. (Advice/ نصيحة)
3. You needn’t wear a jacket today. it isn’t cold. (It’s not necessary/ ليس من الضروري)
4. The theatre was full of people and they were all laughing. The play must have been fantastic. (Certainty/ اليقين)
5. It’s cloudy now. It may / could / might rain later, but I am not sure. (Possibility/ إمكانية)
6. You mustn’t /can’t smoke in public places. The law forbids that. (Prohibition/ منع)
->It’s forbidden to smoke in public places.
->You aren’t allowed to smoke in public places.
7. Your brother can’t have stolen the money from your purse. He was at work at the time. (Impossibility/ استحالة)
8. My neighbour can’t read because he is illiterate. (Inability/ عدم القدرة)
9. Smoking can cause cancer. (Possibility)
10. You can go now if you’ve finished. (Permission/ إذن)
11. My friend is a genius. He can solve mathematical operations faster than a calculator. (Ability/ القدرة)
12. Look! That man is wearing dirty clothes and he is talking to himself. He must be crazy. (certainty/ اليقين)
13. You ought to / should start working now. (Weak Obligation/ واجب ضعيف)
14. Shall we go to Ifrane next weekend? (Suggestion)
15. Yesterday, I had to take the bus to go to work because my car broke down.
(Obligation)
16. You needn’t be very good at physics if you want to be a doctor.
->It’s not necessary to be good at physics if you want to be a doctor.
17. It’s my fault, I admit. I should have checked the doors before going to sleep.
(regret)
needn’t = don’t have to
must = have to
Past: had to: to express Obligation
modals + verb: present actions. eg : must do.
modals + have + past participle: past actions. eg: must have done.
Rewrite the sentences:
I am certain that Jane went on holiday.
She…………………………………………..
I’m certain he didn’t know the secret.
He…………………………………………..
3. I’m certain Mike hasn’t got a new car.
Mike…………………………………………..
4. perhaps Susan paid the phone bill.
Susan…………………………………………..
5. I’m sure they don’t live here.
They…………………………………………..
6. I’m sure they left the party early.
They…………………………………………..
7. I’m certain he didn’t call me.
He…………………………………………..
8. I’m certain Marie sent you a birthday card.
Marie…………………………………………..
9. It was stupid of me to tell her the secret.
I…………………………………………..
10. I’m certain she found a new job.
She…………………………………………..
11. I’m sure David didn’t go to the supermarket
David…………………………………………..
12. it’s likely they went to the cinema.
They…………………………………………..
13. Perhaps they were asleep already.
They…………………………………………..
14. Maybe she had a flat tyre.
She…………………………………………..
15. I was wrong not to take a pullover with me.
I…………………………………………..
16. Definitely. They didn’t spend their holiday in Spain.
They…………………………………………..
17. It’s possible that Nick missed the bus.
Nick…………………………………………..
18. it was possible for you to book the ticket but you didn’t.
You…………………………………………..
Correction:
1- She is certain that Jane went on holiday.
2- He is certain he didn’t know the secret.
3- Mike is certain he hasn’t got a new car.
4- Susan perhaps paid the phone bill.
5- They are sure they don’t live here.
6- They are sure they left the party early.
7- He is certain he didn’t call me.
8- Marie is certain she sent you a birthday card.
9- I regret having told her the secret.
10 -She is certain she found a new job.
11- David is sure he didn’t go to the supermarket.
12- They likely went to the cinema.
13-They were perhaps already asleep.
14- She maybe had a flat tyre.
15- I was wrong not to take a pullover with me.
16- They definitely didn’t spend their holiday in Spain.
17- Nick possibly missed the bus.
18- You could have booked the ticket but you didn’t.
